With the limestone of Taiyuan formation (1~4 limestone) of Kouzidong Coalmine in Huainan coalfield as the research object, the geochemical characteristics of the trace elements, the sources of rare earth elements, and its ancient sedimentary environment by the relative ratio of trace elements were analyzed. The results show that the content of Zr, Th and Sc in the first and second limestone is much higher than that in the upper crust, which indicates that the sedimentary process is mainly influenced by terrigenous detrital materials. At the same time, the ratio of ω（Sr）/ω（Ba） is less than 1, indicating the continental deposition. The enrichment of HREE, positive anomaly of Y and positive anomaly of Gd are found in the three and four limestone, which are similar to the characteristics of rare earth elements in Marine limestone. The ratio of ω（Sr）/ω（Ba） is greater than 1, which indicates the marine deposition. ω（Sr）/ω（Cu） reflects the dry and hot paleoclimate, and the combination of ω（V）/ω（Cr） and ω（V）/ω（V+Ni） with δCe and δEu indicates that the sedimentary environment is coastal dry and hot oxidation environment.