In order to understand the growth， development， reproductive performance and genetic diversity of Anhui local black-bone chicken breeds， the appearance characteristics， body size， egg quality， reproductive performance， and genetic diversity of microsatellite markers in Wuhei Black-bone and Huangshan Black chickens were comparatively studied. The results showed that the body weight， body length， pelvic width and shanklength of Wuhei Black-bone chicken were significantly higher （P＜0.05）， and the breast width and depth were significantly lower than those of Huangshan Black chicken （P＜0.05）. Keel length and shank girth were not significantly different between the two breeds （P＞0.05）. The body weight， shell thickness， shell strength and yolk ratio of Wuhei Black-bone chicken were significantly higher than those of Huangshan Black chicken （P＜0.05）. There was no significant difference in shell thickness between the two breeds （P＞0.05）. Green shell egg rate of Wuhei Black-bone chicken was 71.2%， while the color of egg shell was pink for Huangshan Black chicken. The nine microsatellite markers detected 140 alleles in the two populations， and the fragment-size of alleles at different loci was between 56~341 bp. The average polymorphic information content was 0.760 4， and the average number of effective alleles was 6.428 7. The average gene heterozygosity was 0.785 0. The higher egg quality of Wuhei Black-bone chicken might be related to a better body weight and size. The results of microsatellite genetic diversity could provide basic data for the understanding of the characteristics of local chicken breeds in Anhui province， and provide a scientific basis for the rational preservation and utilization of local chicken resources.