It is of great significance to use stress wave nondestructive testing technology to detect internal damage in reinforced concrete components in order to improve their structural safety and durability， achieve early damage identification and prevention. Reinforced concrete box culvert specimens was prepared using cement and other raw materials， different degrees of hammer impact and crack damage were simulated on the test samples， stress wave propagation signals were collected by using a multimodal stress wave detector， and the propagation characteristics of stress waves were analyzed by adjusting the direction angle. The test results showed that when the reinforced concrete box culvert components were not damaged， the propagation of stress waves was stable and no reflected waves were generated； Slight damage to the component resulted in local reflection waves， which matched the actual location of the damage； When severely damaged， the stress wave signal spreaded significantly， consistent with the damaged area； The distribution of cracks in the components highly corresponded to the results of stress wave testing， indicating that non-destructive testing technology of stress wave can efficiently identify the internal damage values of reinforced concrete components.