A questionnaire survey was conducted among rural primary school teachers by using the teacher's happiness scale, the professional identity scale and the self-esteem scale. According to the results of the survey, this paper explores the psychological factors affecting the well-being of primary school teachers in rural areas. Results showed that：self-esteem and sense of professional identity was positively correlated with well-being; self-esteem can directly predict the professional identity and at the same time through the intermediary role of well-being have an indirect effect on the professional identity. The survey results for the education sector gives recommendation in enhancing the well-being of primary school teachers in rural area.