Analysis of water need and water shortage for winter wheat is of great significance to rational use of water and to formulation of scientific irrigation scheme in the region. In this paper we select the typical agricultural region of North Anhui plain as an example, and use the revised FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation and the subsection single value average coefficient method to analyze the water need of Winter Wheat on the North Anhui plain from 1959 to 2018 based on meteorological data from Dangshan, Bozhou, Suzhou, Fuyang and Bengbu stations. The trend and mutation of water need and water shortage for Winter Wheat on Northern Anhui plain in recent 60 years were analyzed by M-K test. The results show that: (1)In recent 60 years, the annual water need in the north of Anhui Province is fluctuated to a certain degree, the water need is decreased in a 2 mm/10 a trend, the average annual water need is 315.5 mm, and the threshold water need is 227.8-391.4 mm; the spatial difference of water need in the north of Anhui Province is not obvious from north to south; the average annual water need at Dangshan County is 323.66 mm, and the average annual water need at Fuyang City is 300.144 mm; after 1975, there have been 14 mutation points, showing that the water shortage in the north of Anhui Province has changed obviously in recent 40 years. (2)The water shortage for Winter Wheat in the north of Anhui Province decreases in a 2 mm/10 a trend, with a small decline and a small spatial difference, and the total water shortage decreases gradually from north to south, with the maximum annual water shortage of 273.4 mm at Dangshan County and the minimum annual water shortage of 244.16 mm at Fuyang City; the annual average water shortage in the north of Anhui Province is 261.65 mm, and the annual water shortage change ranges from 182.6 to 333.8 mm; the mutation points concentrates in years from 1975 to 2018, and the water shortage for winter wheat occurs in the middle stage of its growth.